Most important topics of biology for class 12th

Most important topics of biology for class 12^th

Complete details about most important topics which ask cbse board in board exam as well as compartment exams

 

1. Reproduction in organism

        

      . Sexual and asexual reproduction

      . Types of reproduction

      . What is clone

      . Fertilization

      . Gamete

      . Binary fission, sporulation budding,

        Gammule formation ,fragmentation,

        Vegetative propagation in plants

      . Gertilization event

 

 

2.  Sexual reproduction in plant

      . Structure of flower

      . Types of pollination

      . Development of male and female gametophytes

      . Double fertilization

      . Pollen - pistil – intraction

      . Development of endosperm, embryo, seed   

        and formation of fruit

      . Parthenocarpic fruit

 

 

3. Human reproduction

      . Male and female reproductive system

      . Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary

      . Gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis

      . Menstrual cycle , fertilization

      . Embryo development upto blastocyst formation , implantation

      . Pregnancy and placenta formation

      . Lactation

 

 

4. Reproductive health

    . Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted disease (STDS)

   . Birth control – need and methods

   . Contraception and medical termination of pregnancy

   . Infertility and assisted reproductive technology

 

 

5.  Principles of inheritance and variation

     . Heredity and variation : mendelian inheritance

    . Deviation from mendelism –

    . Incomplete dominance , Co – dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood group

    . Chromosome theory of inheritance

    . Genes

    . Sex determination – in humans, birds, honey bee

    . Crossing over

    . Haemophilia , colour blindness

    . Chromosomal disorders in human

    . Down’s syndrome , turner’s syndrome

   

 

6.  Molecular basis of inheritance

     . D.N.A as genetic material

     . structure of D.N.A and R.N.A

     .  D.N.A packaging , D.N.A replication

     .  Genetic code

     .  Genome,  human and rice genome poject

     .  D.N.A finger printing

 

 

7.  EVOLUTION

       . Biological evolution and evidances for biological evolution

       . darwin’s theory

       . Modern theory of evolution synthesis

       . Types of natural selection

       . Hardy-weinberg’s law

       . Adaptative radiation

       . Human evolution

8. Human health and disease

       . Pathogens: Parasites causing human diseases and their control

       . Vaccines , cancer, HIV and AIDS

    . drugs and alcohol

 

 

9.  Strategies for enhancement in food production

        . Improvement in food production

        . Plant breeding

        . Tissue culture

        . Single cell protein

        . Animal husbandary

 

 

10.     Microbes in human welfare

        . Household food processing

        . Industrial products

        . Production of biogas

        . Biocontrol agents and biofertilizers

 

 

11.     Biotechnology: Principal and process

          . Recombinant D.N.A technology

 

 

12.     Biotechnology and  its application

              . Human insulin

              . Vaccine production

              . Stem cell technology

              . Gene therapy

              . BT crops , biosafety issues

 

 

13.     Organism and population

          . Organism and environment

          . Population and ecological adaptation

          . Population attributes – Growth rate , birth rate and death rate , age distribution

         

 

14.     Ecosystem

                . Ecosystem – pattern , components

              . productivity and decomposition

              . Energy flow , pyramid of number, biomass energy

              . Carbon fixation, pollination , seed dispersal

 

 

15.     Biodiversity and conservation

              . Pattern of biodiversity

              . Hotspot

              . Red data book

 

 

16.     Environmental issues

             . Air pollution and its control

             . Water pollution and its control

             . Radioactive waste management

             . Greenhouse effect and climate change

             . Ozone layer depletion